Cikakken Nazari da Jagorar Aikace-aikace don Tsarukan Accelerometer Piezoelectric Vibro-Meter

Gabatarwa: Babban Matsayin Kula da Jijjiga da Fasahar Ji na Piezoelectric a Masana'antar Zamani

A cikin tsarin masana'antu na zamani, yanayin sa ido da tsinkayar kuskuren kayan aikin injiniya sun zama mahimmanci don tabbatar da amincin samarwa da inganta ingantaccen aiki. Na'urori masu jujjuyawa kamar injin turbines, compressors, da janareta, musamman, suna da halayen girgiza waɗanda ke nuna lafiyar kayan aikin kai tsaye. Fasahar saka idanu ta jijjiga tana ganowa da yin nazarin siginar girgizar injin don gano farkon alamun rashin daidaituwa, rashin daidaituwa, lalacewa, kuskuren kayan aiki, da sauran batutuwa, don haka hana gazawar bala'i da ba da damar kiyaye tsinkaya.

Daga cikin fasahohin firikwensin jijjiga daban-daban, na'urorin accelerometers na piezoelectric sun zama na'urorin da aka fi amfani da su a cikin saka idanu na girgizar masana'antu saboda fa'idodin aikinsu na musamman. Vibro-Meter SA na Switzerland, a matsayin ƙwararren mai ba da fasaha a wannan filin, yana ba da tsarin CA XXX da CE XXX tsarin piezoelectric accelerometer. An san su don babban abin dogaro, faffadan daidaita yanayin zafin jiki, da dacewa don amfani a cikin yanayi mai yuwuwar fashewa, waɗannan tsarin ana amfani da su sosai a cikin manyan masana'antun duniya kamar makamashi, sinadarai, jirgin sama, da na ruwa.

Bisa ga 'Manual Umarnin don Piezoelectric Accelerometers CA XXX/CE XXX Series' (Edition 4) wanda Vibro-Meter ya buga, wannan labarin yana nazarin ƙa'idodin fasaha, rabe-raben ƙira, ƙayyadaddun shigarwa, buƙatun aminci, da ayyukan aikace-aikacen wannan jerin samfurin. Manufar ita ce don samar da cikakkun bayanai na fasaha mai zurfi don aikin injiniya da ma'aikatan fasaha, suna goyan bayan ƙira mafi kyau da kuma ingantaccen aiki na kayan aikin masana'antu na tsarin kulawa da girgizar girgizar kasa.

Babi na 1: Ƙa'idodin Fasaha na Matsalolin Matsalolin Piezoelectric da Tsarin Samfuran Vibro-Mita

1.1 Tasirin Piezoelectric da Ƙa'idar Ma'auni

Tushen jiki na ma'aunin hanzari na piezoelectric shine tasirin piezoelectric - al'amari na zahiri inda wasu kayan kristal (kamar ma'adini ko yumbu) ke haifar da cajin lantarki lokacin da aka fuskanci damuwa na inji. Vibro-Meter accelerometers suna amfani da ko dai matsawa ko nau'in ƙira na tsari, daidai da haɗa abubuwan kristal piezoelectric tare da taro marar aiki. Lokacin da firikwensin ya yi rawar jiki tare da abin da aka auna, yawan inertial yana amfani da danniya na lokaci-lokaci zuwa kristal piezoelectric, yana haifar da siginar caji daidai da hanzari.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na Manual 1-4 da 1-5, a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) nau'i-nau'. Dukansu tsarin suna da fa'idodin su: nau'ikan matsawa yawanci suna ba da ƙarfi mafi girma da mitar resonant, dace da ma'aunin mitoci; Nau'in shear ba su da ƙarancin kulawa ga tushen tushe da bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi, suna ba da mafi kyawun daidaita yanayin muhalli.

Matsakaicin amsa mitar na'urorin accelerometers na piezoelectric yawanci daga 3 Hz zuwa sama da 20 kHz, yana rufe halayen mitar girgiza na yawancin injinan jujjuyawar masana'antu. Yanayin zafin su na aiki zai iya zama faɗi kamar -196 ° C zuwa + 620 ° C, fasalin da ke ba su damar yin aiki da aminci a cikin matsanancin yanayin zafi, kamar kusa da tushen zafi a cikin injin injin gas ko kan kayan aikin famfo na cryogenic.

1.2 Tsarin Rarraba Samfur na Mitar Vibro-Mita

Vibro-Meter yana rarraba tsarin sa na accelerometer na piezoelectric zuwa manyan azuzuwan guda uku, dangane da hanyar haɗin kai na siginar kwandishan lantarki tare da shugaban ji:

1.2.1 Accelerometers with Separate Electronic Conditioner (CA Series)
Waɗannan na'urorin accelerometers (misali, CA 134, CA 135, CA 136, CA 201, CA 216, CA 902, CA 905) sun ƙunshi kawai piezoelectric sensing element, fitarwa da wani cajin siginar daidai gwargwado. Ana isar da siginar caji ta hanyar keɓaɓɓiyar kebul na ƙaramar amo zuwa keɓantaccen mai sauya caji (misali, jerin IPC XXX), inda aka canza shi zuwa siginar da aka gyara na yanzu. Babban fa'idar wannan ƙira shine cewa shugaban mai hankali zai iya jure wa yanayin zafi mai tsayi sosai ko kaɗan (daga -54 ° C zuwa + 620 ° C, dangane da takamaiman ƙirar), yana sa ya dace da ma'aunin ma'auni kusa da tushen zafi ko sanyi.

1.2.2 Accelerometers with Attached Electronic Conditioner (CE 134/136 Series)
Waɗannan na'urorin accelerometer sun ƙunshi kwandishan lantarki a matsayin keɓantaccen tsarin da ke haɗe zuwa ƙarshen kebul na ji (ba a haɗa cikin gida ɗaya ba). Ana canza siginar cajin zuwa sigina mai daidaitawa a cikin na'urar kwandishan da aka makala. Wannan ƙirar tana daidaita daidaita yanayin zafin jiki da sauƙaƙe tsarin: shugaban ji na iya aiki a cikin yanayi daga -70 ° C zuwa + 350 ° C (CE 134) ko -54 ° C zuwa + 260 ° C (CE 136), yayin da kwandishan lantarki yana aiki tsakanin -30 ° C da + 100 ° C.

1.2.3 Accelerometers tare da Incorporated Electronic Conditioner (CE 310 Series)
Waɗannan na'urorin accelerometer suna da da'irar kwandishan na lantarki gabaɗaya a cikin mahalli mai ji, suna fitar da siginar da aka daidaita kai tsaye da kuma kawar da buƙatar mai sauya cajin waje. Suna ba da mafi ƙarancin tsari da shigarwa mafi sauƙi, amma kewayon zafin aikin su yana iyakance ta na'urorin lantarki na ciki: -30 ° C zuwa + 150 ° C don daidaitaccen sigar da -30 ° C zuwa + 100 ° C don sigar tabbacin fashewa.

1.3 Jagoran Zaɓin Samfura: Daidaita Zazzabi da Mita

Hoto na Manual 1-1 zuwa 1-3 suna ba da cikakken jagorar zaɓi, yana nuna kewayon zafin aiki da halayen amsa mitar samfuri daban-daban. Zaɓin yana buƙatar cikakken la'akari:

1. Ma'aunin Ma'auni: Juriya na zafin jiki ya bambanta sosai tsakanin samfura. Misali, CA 905 na iya jure har zuwa 620°C, yayin da ma'aunin CE 310 ya iyakance zuwa 150°C.

2. Matsakaicin Mitar Jijjiga: Duk ma'aunin accelerometers na piezoelectric sun rufe ainihin kewayon 3 Hz - 20 kHz, amma nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban suna da bambance-bambance a cikin mitar amsawa da tazarar amsa ta layi.

3. Yanayi na Muhalli: Kasancewar yanayi mai yuwuwar fashewar abubuwa (na buƙatar sigar Ex i), zafi, lalata, da sauransu.

4. Matsalolin Shigarwa: Nau'in da aka haɗa shine mafi ƙanƙanta; nau'in daban yana buƙatar ƙarin sarari don mai sauya caji.

5. Nisan Isar da Sigina: Siginonin da aka daidaita na yanzu (bisa ka'idar 4-20mA) ana iya watsa su sama da mita 1000 ba tare da gagarumin murdiya ba, yana mai da su manufa don manyan wuraren masana'antu.

Babi na 2: Ma'auni Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Sarkar da Fasahar Isar da Sigina

2.1 Haɗin Cikakken Tsarin Kulawa da Jijjiga

Sarkar ma'aunin girgizawar Vibro-Meter cikakken tsari ne don sigina, sanyaya, watsawa, da sarrafawa, yawanci ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu zuwa:

1. Shugaban Sensing na Accelerometer: Yana canza girgizar injin zuwa siginar caji mai ɗanɗano.

2. Kebul na haɗi: Kebul na coaxial maras ƙarfi; wasu samfura suna zuwa tare da kwasfa na bakin karfe (nau'in BOA) don kariya ta injiniya.

3. Na'urar sanyaya sigina:

• Canjin Cajin (IPC XXX): Yana canza siginar caji zuwa siginar da aka gyara na yanzu.

• Ko Haɗe-haɗe/Haɗe-haɗe da'ira: Yana yin jujjuya sigina kai tsaye.

4. Kebul na watsawa: Kebul mai kariya mai tushe guda biyu (jerin K 2XX) don watsa siginar da aka daidaita na yanzu.

5. Sashin Rabuwar Galvanic (GSI XXX): Yana kawar da tsangwama na madauki na ƙasa, yana ba da ƙarfi mai aminci zuwa ƙarshen gaba, kuma yana canza siginar yanzu zuwa siginar wutar lantarki.

6. Tsarin Gudanar da Lantarki: Irin su Vibro-Meter's MMS ko tsarin sa ido na VM 600, don nazarin sigina, da ban tsoro, da rikodi.

2.2 Fa'idodin Canjin Sigina da Fasahar Sadarwa

Fitar da ɗanyen kayan hawan wuta na piezoelectric sigina ce mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, mai saurin kamuwa da ƙarfin kebul, tsangwama na lantarki, da madaukai na ƙasa. Tsarin Vibro-Meter yana magance waɗannan batutuwa ta hanyar juyawa mataki biyu:

Matakin Farko: Canji-zuwa-Yanzu

• Anyi a cikin Canjin Cajin (IPC) ko sanya kwandishana.

• Yana amfani da fasahar daidaitawa na yanzu (mai kama da ƙa'idar watsawa ta 4-20mA).

• Matsakaicin juzu'i yawanci 4mA daidai yake da 0 g da 20mA zuwa haɓakar cikakken sikelin.

Mataki na Biyu: Canjin-zuwa-Voltage na Yanzu

• An yi a cikin Galvanic Separation Unit (GSI).

• Hakanan yana ba da ikon madauki mai waya biyu (yawanci 24 VDC).

• Yana fitar da siginar wutar lantarki wanda za'a iya haɗa kai tsaye zuwa PLCs, DCSs, ko keɓaɓɓen tsarin sa ido.

Amfanin wannan gine-ginen jujjuya matakai biyu:

• Ƙarfin Harutun Kariya: Sigina na yanzu ba su da hankali ga tsangwama na lantarki.

• Tsawon Watsawa: Zai iya wuce mita 1000 ba tare da raguwar sigina ba.

• Sauƙaƙe Waya: Kebul mai mahimmanci biyu kawai ake buƙata don sigina da ƙarfi.

• Tsaro na ciki: Ya dace da yuwuwar fashe yanayi (lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da ingantattun shinge).

2.3 Saitunan Sarkar Ma'auni Hudu Na Musamman

Babi na 2 na manual yana ba da cikakken bayani game da daidaitawa guda huɗu:

2.3.1 Accelerometer tare da Haši + Rarrabe Kayan Wutar Lantarki
Ya dace da samfura kamar CA 902, CA 905, CA 135, da wasu nau'ikan CA 134/136. Accelerometer yana da 7/16 '-27 UNS-2A connector kuma yana buƙatar kebul mai haɗawa da aka keɓe. Ana ajiye mai sauya cajin a cikin shingen polyester mai hana ruwa, tare da igiyoyin igiya suna tabbatar da ƙimar kariya.

2.3.2 Accelerometer tare da Integral Cable + Rarrabe Kayan Wutar Lantarki
Ya dace da samfura kamar CA 201, CA 216, da wasu nau'ikan CA 134/136. Accelerometer ya zo masana'anta-haɗe tare da ƙananan igiyoyin amo mai ɗauke da kullin BOA, wanda ke haɗa kai tsaye zuwa mai sauya caji. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe shigarwar filin kuma yana rage haɗarin gazawar ma'anar haɗi.

2.3.3 Accelerometer tare da Haɗe-haɗe na Wutar Lantarki
Ya dace da CE 134 da CE 136. An daidaita kwandishan zuwa ƙarshen kebul ɗin kuma ba a iya cirewa daga kan mai ji. Kebul ɗin yana welded zuwa gidaje biyu, yana tabbatar da ƙarfin injina da rufewa.

2.3.4 Accelerometer tare da Incorporated Electronic Conditioner
Ya dace da CE 310. An haɗa da'irar kwandishan gabaɗaya a cikin shugaban ji, kuma ana amfani da akwatin junction (JB XXX) don haɗa kebul na watsawa. Wannan yana ba da mafi ƙarancin tsari da shigarwa mafi sauƙi.

Babi na 3: Dabarun Shigarwa da Tunanin Injiniyanci

3.1 Ka'idoji don Zabar Wurin Shigarwa

Zaɓin wurin shigarwa daidai yana da mahimmanci don samun cikakkun bayanan girgiza. Hoto na hannu na 4-1 yana kwatanta wuraren hawan da aka ba da shawarar:

1. Makusanci kamar yadda zai yiwu ga Bearings: Bearings shine wurin haɗin kai tsakanin rotor da stator, mafi kyawun nuna yanayin girgiza na'ura.

2. Akan Ƙaƙƙarfan Ƙaƙƙarfan Ƙirar Tsarin: Ka guje wa hawa kan rumbun injin ko tsarin tare da rashin isasshen ƙarfi, saboda waɗannan na iya nuna sautin gida wanda ke ƙarawa ko rage girgizar gaske.

3. Dama da Tsaro: Ma'auni na buƙatun tare da dacewa da kulawa da tabbatar da shigarwa da cirewa mai aminci.

4. Abubuwan Muhalli: Yi la'akari da zafin jiki, lalata, tsangwama na lantarki, da sauransu.

3.2 Abubuwan Bukatun Shirye-shiryen Hawan Sama

Shirye-shiryen saman da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don daidaiton aunawa:

1. Lalacewar Sama: A cikin 0.01 mm (Hoto na Manual 5-2, 6-2, 7-2).

2. Roughness Surface: N7 ko mafi kyau.

3. Daidaituwa zuwa ga Axis Mai Hankali: Ya kamata saman hawa ya kasance daidai da axis na accelerometer.

4. Tsafta: Babu mai, tsatsa, sutura, da sauransu.

Takamaiman matakan inji (ta amfani da CA 201 a matsayin misali):

• Alama matsayi na ramukan zaren guda huɗu a wurin da aka zaɓa.

• Haɗa ramuka huɗu: diamita 4.8 mm, zurfin 20 mm.

• Matsa zaren M6 zuwa zurfin 14 mm.

• Shirya M6 x 35 hexagon socket head screws da maƙalli na bazara.

• Aiwatar da LOCTITE 241 mannen kullewa zuwa sukurori.

• Matsa ta amfani da maƙarƙashiya mai ƙarfi, wanda bai wuce 15 Nm ba.

3.3 Tasirin Hanyar Hawa akan Daidaitaccen Aunawa

Babi na 3 na jagora cikin tsari yana nazarin tasirin hanyoyin hawa daban-daban akan amsa mitar, yana mai da ma'aunin ISO 5348:

3.3.1 Hawan Zare (Mafi Kyau)

• Yi amfani da ƙimar ƙarfin ƙarfi da masana'anta suka ba da shawarar (yawanci 2-15 Nm, ya danganta da ƙirar).

• Yana ba da kewayon mitar mafi faɗin tasiri (har zuwa 30 kHz).

• Karamin juzu'i.

3.3.2 Manne Hauwa

• Methyl cyanoacrylate ciminti: Matsakaicin 80°C, amsawar mitar karba.

• Tef ɗin manne mai gefe biyu: Matsakaicin 95°C, ƙarancin amsawar mitar, musamman tare da tef mai kauri.

• Fim ɗin Beeswax: Matsakaicin 40°C, dace da ma'aunin ƙananan mitoci na ɗan lokaci kawai.

3.3.3 Sauran Hanyoyi na Hauwa na Wuta

• Tushen Magnetic: Matsakaicin 150°C, matsakaicin iyakar amsawar mitoci.

• Binciken Hannun Hannu: Ya dace kawai don m cak, amsawar mitar ta ragu zuwa ƙasa da 2 kHz.

Hoto na 3-1 a kididdigewa yana nuna kuskuren girma da canjin lokaci da hanyoyin hawa daban-daban suka haifar. Don daidaitattun ma'auni da kwatancen bayanai daga maki da yawa, daidaitattun hanyoyin hawa suna da mahimmanci.

3.4 Takaddun Bayanin Hanyar Kebul

Hanyar da ba ta dace ba ta hanyar kebul na iya gabatar da amo da karkatar da sigina:

1. Mafi ƙarancin Lankwasawa Radius: Ba ƙasa da 50 mm ba.

2. Gyara Tazara: Yi amfani da shirye-shiryen bidiyo kowane 100-200 mm.

3. Guji Damuwa: Kebul ya kamata ya fita daga jirgin girgiza, ba kai tsaye daga firikwensin ba (Hoto 3-8).

4. Nisantar Tushen Tsangwama: Ka guji yin layi ɗaya da igiyoyi masu ƙarfi ko manyan layin watsawa.

5. Kariyar Injini: Yi amfani da KS 106 bakin karfe sassauƙan magudanar ruwa a cikin wuraren da ke fuskantar lalacewa.

3.5 Mabuɗin Mahimmanci don Shigar da Ƙungiyoyin Lantarki

Canjin Cajin (IPC):

• Ya kamata a shigar da shi a wuri mara ƙaranci ko babu jijjiga.

• Yanayin zafin jiki: -25°C zuwa +70°C.

• Yawanci shigar a cikin ABA 160 gidaje masana'antu tare da ƙimar kariya ta IP65.

Sashin Rabuwar Galvanic (GSI):

• Yanayin zafin jiki: 0°C zuwa +55°C.

• Yawanci an shigar da shi akan dogo na DIN a cikin majalisa.

• Ana samun kayan hawan da aka keɓe (bangaye, madaurin sakawa, M4 gyara dunƙule).

Akwatin Junction (JB):

• Yanayin zafin jiki: -20°C zuwa +90°C.

• Ƙimar kariya ta IP65.

• An yi amfani da shi don canjin kebul don haɗakarwar accelerometers kamar CE 310.

Babi na 4: Haɗin Wutar Lantarki da Dabarun Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa

4.1 Dabarun Haɗin Kebul

Madaidaicin haɗin lantarki shine mabuɗin don tabbatar da ingancin sigina da amincin tsarin:

4.1.1 Gabaɗaya Matakan Haɗin Kai

1. Cire rufin kebul kamar yadda ake buƙata (yawanci 4-6 mm).

2. Hanyar kebul ta hanyar igiyar igiya zuwa cikin gidaje.

3. Haɗa zuwa madaidaicin toshe tasha.

4. Shigar da da'irar Ø8 don hana zamewar kebul.

5. Danne igiyar waya don tabbatar da hatimi.

4.1.2 Cikakkun Shigar Cable Gland (Hoto na 5-12, 7-11)

• Cire kashi 1 a gaban agogo baya (kada ku cire kashi 5 daga gidan).

• Fitar da abubuwa 2 da 3 (waɗannan sun dace da diamita na USB daban-daban).

• Zare kebul ta hanyar abubuwan.

• Sake haɗawa kuma ƙara ƙara abubuwan haɗin gland.

• Bincika cewa an riƙe kebul ɗin amintacce don tabbatar da rufewar ruwa.

4.2 Dabarun Garkuwa da Kasa

Kyakkyawan garkuwa da ƙasa suna da mahimmanci don hana tsangwama na lantarki:

1. Haɗin Garkuwa a Ƙarshen Sensor:

• Ya kamata a haɗa garkuwar kebul zuwa gidan firikwensin a ƙarshen firikwensin.

• Don na'urorin firikwensin da aka ɗora, dole ne a haɗa gajeriyar waya tsakanin madaidaicin (-) tasha da tashar garkuwa a cikin akwatin mahaɗa ko mai haɗawa (Hoto 6-10, 7-10).

2. Maganin Garkuwan Kebul na Watsawa:

• a haɗa garkuwar Ba a ƙarshen Galvanic Separation Unit (GSI).

• Wannan yana guje wa ƙirƙirar madaukai na ƙasa.

3. Tsarin Gine-ginen Tsarin Mulki:

• Bi ƙa'idar ƙaddamar da maki ɗaya.

• Sashin Rabuwa na Galvanic yana ba da keɓance tsakanin ƙasan siginar da ƙasan majalisar ministoci.

• Gidajen masana'antu ya kamata a dogara da su ta hanyar ƙwanƙolin hawa.

4.3 Ƙimar Haɗi Mai Haɗi

Don samfura tare da masu haɗawa (misali, CG 134), taro yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman:

1. Rage taro mai haɗawa.

2. Sayar da wayoyi na kebul zuwa madaidaitan fil (A, B, C) kamar yadda yake a hoto na 6-9.

3. Sayar da waya mai tsalle tsakanin fil B da C (don kawar da tsangwama na madauki na yanzu da ƙasa lokacin da firikwensin ya yi ƙasa daidai).

4. Aiwatar da LOCTITE 241 manne makullin zuwa zaren.

5. Sake haɗa mahaɗin, tabbatar da cewa kebul ɗin ba ta karkace ba.

6. Saka cikin mahaɗin mating, ƙara matsawa zuwa juzu'in 7-11 Nm.

4.4 Haɗin Sashin Rabewar Galvanic

1. Cire wayoyi na kebul na watsawa da crimp AMP Faston 6.3 tashoshi.

2. Saka cikin madaidaitan tashoshi akan GSI (Hoto na 5-13, 6-11, 7-12).

3. Haɗa kebul na gefen tsarin tare da madaidaitan tashoshi iri ɗaya.

4. Kula da alamomin polarity: yawanci '+' don ingantaccen iko, '-' don sigina/kore mara kyau.

Babi na 5: Ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikacen don yuwuwar fashewar yanayi

5.1 Umarnin ATEX da Takaddar Tabbacin Fashewa

Kayayyakin Vibro-Meter sun sami ƙwaƙƙwaran takaddun shaida don amfani a cikin yanayi mai yuwuwar fashewar abubuwa, suna bin ƙa'idodin ATEX na Turai 94/9/EC buƙatun. Karin Bayani na Manual B yana ba da cikakkun Takaddun Takaddun Jarrabawar Nau'in EC:

5.1.1 Nau'o'in Kariya na Ciki

• 'ia' Level: Ya dace da Yanki na 0 (inda yanayi mai fashewa ke kasancewa a kai a kai ko na dogon lokaci).

• 'ib' Level: Ya dace da Shiyya ta 1 (inda mai yuwuwar yanayi mai fashewa zai iya faruwa lokaci-lokaci a cikin aiki na yau da kullun).

5.1.2 Rarraba Rukunin Gas

• Rukuni na IIC: Yana wakiltar iskar gas mafi sauƙi (misali, hydrogen, acetylene).

• Rukuni na IIB: Matsakaicin iskar gas mai haɗari.

• Rukuni IIA: Gabaɗaya haɗarin iskar gas.

5.1.3 Yanayin Zazzabi

• T1 zuwa T6: Yana nuna matsakaicin zafin jiki na kayan aiki, tare da T6 shine mafi stringent (≤85 ° C).

• Abubuwa daban-daban na iya samun nau'ikan zafin jiki daban-daban dangane da wurin su da zafin aiki.

5.2 Ganewa da Alamar Abubuwan Tabbacin Fashewa

Kayayyakin da suka dace don amfani a cikin yanayi mai yuwuwar fashewar abubuwa suna ɗauke da alamomi na musamman waɗanda dole ne su dace da Takaddun Jarrabawar Nau'in EC:

Misalin Alama Na Musamman:

• VIBRO-METER SA

• Saukewa: CA134

• Serial No.:...

• Shekarar Gina:...

•  II 1G (Rukunin Kayan aiki: II=Ba ma'adinai, 1=Kashi 1)

• EEx ia IIC T6 zuwa T1 (Nau'in Kariya: ia Tsaro na ciki, Rukunin Gas IIC, Matsayin Yanayin T6 zuwa T1)

• LCIE 02 ATEX 6110 X (Lambar Certificate)

Alamar 'X' tana nuna kayan aikin suna ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗa na musamman don amintaccen amfani, dalla-dalla a sashin 'Tsarin' na takaddun shaida.

5.3 Abubuwan buƙatu don Ƙirƙirar Tsarin Tabbatar da Fashewa

Tsari mai aminci na zahiri ya ƙunshi sassa uku, kuma duka haɗin dole ne a ba da izini a matsayin mai jituwa:

1. Na'urar Filaye: Filayen firikwensin, masu juyawa, da sauransu, an shigar dasu a cikin wuri mai haɗari.

2. Abubuwan Haɗe-haɗe: Raka'a Rabuwar Galvanic, da sauransu, an shigar da su a cikin amintaccen yanki.

3. Cable Haɗa: Ma'auni nasa (ƙarfin ƙarfi, inductance) dole ne ya kasance cikin iyakoki da aka yarda da tsarin.

Tabbatar da Daidaituwar Tsari:

• Simitocin na'urar fili: Ui, II, Ci, Li.

• Alamomin na'urori masu alaƙa: Uo, Io, Co, Lo.

• Kebul ɗin da aka rarraba sigogi (ƙarfin ƙarfin, inductance kowane tsayin raka'a).

• Dole ne ya gamsar: Ui ≥ Uo, Ii ≥ Io, Ci + Ccable ≤ Co, Li + Lcable ≤ Lo.

5.4 Abubuwan Buƙatun Shigarwa na Musamman don Fashewar yanayi

1. Daidaita Kayan Aiki: Za'a iya haɗa shi kawai zuwa ingantacciyar na'ura mai aminci.

2. Ikon Sigar Sigar Kebul: Kebul ɗin da aka rarraba capacitance da inductance dole ne a haɗa shi cikin lissafin tsarin.

3. Ƙimar ƙasa da Haɗin Ma'auni: Dole ne a haɗa gidaje zuwa tsarin haɗin kai daidai gwargwado.

4. Babu Canje-canje mara izini: Duk wani gyare-gyare ba tare da rubutaccen izinin masana'anta yana lalata takaddun shaida da garanti ba.

5. Ƙuntatawar Kulawa: Ba dole ba ne a gyara kayan da ke hana fashewa a wurin; dole ne a mayar da shi zuwa cibiyar sabis mai izini.

Babi na 6: Na'urorin haɗi da Abubuwan Haɗuwa Na Agaji

6.1 Matakan hawa

Lokacin da ba zai yiwu a yi hawan kai tsaye a saman da aka kera ba, ana amfani da ƙwanƙolin ɗagawa:

TA 102 Stud (Hoto 8-1):

• Domin CA 201 da CE 310.

• Yana ba da daidaitawar kusurwa 30°.

• Bakin karfe abu, mai jure yanayin lalata.

TA 104 Stud (Hoto 8-2):

• Don CA 134, CA 135, CA 136, CE 134, da CE 136.

• 90° hawa kusurwa.

• Yana haɓaka ingancin hawa akan saman da bai dace ba.

TA 106 Stud (Hoto na 8-3):

• An tsara shi musamman don CA 216.

• 92° hawa kusurwa.

• Ƙirƙirar ƙira don wurare masu takurewar sarari.

6.2 Tallafin Insulating

6.2.1 Tallafin Kayan Wutar Lantarki (TA 101) (Hoto 8-4)

• Domin CA 201 da CE 310.

• Ya haɗa da insulating bushes da farantin insulating.

• Yana hana madaukai na ƙasa da tsangwama na lantarki.

• Yana buƙatar insulating bolts da washers don shigarwa.

6.2.2 Thermally Insulating Support (TA 105) (Figure 8-5)

• Don CA 135, CA 136, da CE 136.

• Matsakaicin juriya na zafin jiki: 300 ° C.

• Faranti mai kauri 5mm mai kauri mai ramuka guda uku daidai gwargwado.

• Yana rage tafiyar zafi daga kayan zafi zuwa firikwensin.

6.3 Na'urorin Kariyar Kebul

Bakin Karfe Mai Kaya (BOA):

• Yana ba da kariya ta injiniya da iyakance iyaka.

• Zafi da lalata resistant.

• An riga an shigar dashi akan samfura tare da igiyoyi masu mahimmanci.

KS 106 Mai Sauƙi:

• Galvanized karfe ko bakin karfe abu.

• Yana ba da ƙarin kariya ta injiniya don igiyoyin watsawa.

• Musamman mai amfani a wuraren da ke da saurin tasiri ko abrasion.

Shirye-shiryen hawa:

• Don igiyoyi/conduits tare da diamita na kusan 8 mm.

• Kafaffen a 100-200 mm tazara.

• Yana hana girgiza na USB da chafing.

Babi na 7: Kulawa, Gyara matsala, da Tallafin Fasaha

7.1 Asalin Ka'idodin Kulawa

Vibro-Meter piezoelectric accelerometer tsarin an tsara su azaman na'urori marasa kulawa, amma binciken da ya dace zai iya tsawaita rayuwar sabis:

7.1.1 Jerin Takaddun Bincike na lokaci-lokaci

• Duban gani: Bincika lalacewar jiki, lalata.

• Duban Kebul: Bincika mutuncin sheath, tsaro na haɗi.

• Duban hawa: Bincika maƙarƙashiya, don kowane sako-sako.

• Duban sigina: Bincika hayaniyar tushe, canje-canjen hankali.

7.1.2 Shawarwari Tsabtace

• Goge gidaje da kyalle mai laushi.

• Guji abubuwan tsaftacewa masu lalata.

• Yi amfani da keɓaɓɓen mai tsabtace lamba na lantarki don masu haɗawa.

7.1.3 Abubuwan Bukatu na Musamman don Kayayyakin Tabbacin Fashewa

• Duk wani kulawa dole ne ya bi buƙatun Takaddun Shaida Na Nau'in EC.

• Dole ne kada a gyara kayan da ke hana fashewa ko gyara a wurin.

• Dole ne a yi amfani da kayan gyara na asali kawai.

7.2 Jagorar Shirya matsala

7.2.1 Alamomin Laifi gama gari da Dalilai masu yuwuwa

7.2.2 Hanyoyin Gwaji na asali

1. Duban juriya: Cire haɗin kuma auna juriya a cikin tashoshi na firikwensin (yawanci> 1 MΩ).

2. Duban Insulation: Auna juriya tsakanin firikwensin da ƙasa (ya zama> 100 MΩ).

3. Gwajin Aiki: Matsa firikwensin a hankali kuma lura da martanin sigina.

4. Gwajin Sauyawa: Sauya tare da sanannen firikwensin gwaji don gwaji.

7.3 Daidaitawa da Sake tabbatarwa

7.3.1 Shawarar Matsalolin daidaitawa

• Gabaɗaya Aikace-aikace: Kowane watanni 24.

• Aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci: Kowane watanni 12.

• Matsanancin Muhalli: Kowane watanni 6 ko ƙasa da haka.

7.3.2 Abubuwan Daidaitawa

• Hankali (pC/g ko mV/g).

• Amsa Mitar (yawanci da lokaci).

• Linearity.

• Matsakaicin Hankali.

• Martanin Zazzabi (na zaɓi).

7.3.3 Sake ba da takaddun shaida don Kayayyakin Tabbacin Fashewa

• Ana buƙata bayan kowane gyara.

• Dole ne a yi kawai ta cibiyoyin sabis masu izini.

• Yana sabunta takaddun shaida da alamun fashewa.

Babi na 8: Filayen Aikace-aikace da Misalai na Zaɓi

8.1 Wuraren Aikace-aikacen Masana'antu Na Musamman

Sashi na 1.2 na Manual yana lissafin faffadan wuraren aikace-aikacen na'urorin accelerometers na piezoelectric:

8.1.1 Injinan Juyawa / Abubuwan Tuƙi

• Motocin Lantarki: Induction, masu aiki tare, Motocin DC.

• Injin konewa: Diesel, injin gas.

• Turbines na Gas: Jirgin sama ya samo asali, masana'antu masu nauyi.

• Tushen Turbines: Don samar da wutar lantarki, tuƙi.

• Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa Turbines: Francis, Kaplan, Pelton iri.

• Akwatunan Gear: Parallel shaft, planetary, kayan tsutsa.

8.1.2 Injinan Juyawa / Abubuwan Tuƙi

• Fans: Centrifugal, axial.

• Pumps: Centrifugal, ƙaura mai kyau, maimaituwa.

• Compressors: Centrifugal, axial, dunƙule, maimaitawa.

• Generators: Turbo-generators, hydro-generators, dizal janareta.

8.1.3 Wasu Aikace-aikace

• Kula da Jijjiga Tsarin Tsarin: Gada, gine-gine, hasumiya.

• Saƙon Sako-sako a cikin Injinan Juyawa: Gano ruwan wukake, kusoshi, da sauransu.

• Kulawa da Injinan Tsari: Masu fitar da kaya, masu murkushewa, fuska.

8.2 Binciken Misalin Zaɓi

Misali 1: Kulawa da Jijjiga a Yankin Tsananin Zazzabi na Turbine Gas

• Halayen Muhalli: Babban zafin jiki (har zuwa 600 ° C), mai yuwuwar fashewa (haɗarin zubar mai).

• Shawarwari na zaɓi: CA 905 (mai tsayayya da 620°C) ko sigar CA 134 Ex i (tsayin 450°C).

• Kanfigareshan: Keɓantaccen mai sauya caji da aka shigar a cikin wuri mai sanyaya, ta amfani da igiyoyi masu ma'adinai.

• Bukatun Takaddun shaida: EEx ia IIC T1-T6, mai yarda da ATEX da IECEx.

Misali 2: Kulawa da Vibration akan Na'urar Kwamfuta

• Halayen Muhalli: Ƙananan zafin jiki (har zuwa -50C), mai yuwuwar firiji mai ƙonewa.

• Shawarwari na zaɓi: CA 134 sigar cryogenic (mai tsayayya -200°C zuwa +450°C).

• Kanfigareshan: Haɗin kebul don rage girman haɗin haɗin gwiwa a yankin sanyi.

• Abubuwan la'akari: Hana gurɓataccen kebul, icing.

Misali na 3: Saitin Kula da Fam a kan dandamali na Ketare

• Halayen Muhalli: Babban lalata, babban zafi, ƙarancin sarari, buƙatun tabbatar da fashewa.

• Shawarwari na zaɓi: CE 310 Ex i sigar (haɗaɗɗen kwandishan, ƙaramin tsari).

• Kanfigareshan: Gidajen Bakin Karfe, Kariyar IP65, haɗi ta akwatin junction.

• Hawa: Yi amfani da ingarma ta TA 102 don sauƙin hawa akan filaye marasa daidaituwa.

Misali 4: Kulawa akan Layi na Akwatin Gear Mahimmanci

• Bukatun: Amsa mai girma (don saka idanu akan mitoci na kayan aiki), babban abin dogaro.

• Shawarwari na zaɓi: CA 201 (ƙirar ƙira, rashin jin daɗi ga tushen tushe).

• Hawawa: Zaren hawa don ingantacciyar amsawar mitoci.

• Sarrafa sigina: Cajin mai juyawa tare da matattara mai ƙarancin wucewa don murkushe hayaniyar mita mai girma.

8.3 Canjin Sigar Vibration da Amfani da Nomogram

Karin Bayani A na Manual yana ba da Nomograms-Guri-Masu Matsala don juyar da sigar girgiza:

Nomogram L 1347 (Raka'a Ma'auni):

• X-axis: Mitar Vibration (Hz).

• Hagu Y-axis: Girman Matsala (kololuwa zuwa ganiya, μm).

• Tsakiyar Y-axis: Girman Gudu (kololuwa, mm/s).

• Dama Y-axis: Acceleration Amplitude (kololuwa, g).

Misalin Amfani:
An Ba: Hanzarta 1 g kololuwa, Mitar 157 Hz.
Daga ginshiƙi: Gudun 10 mm/s kololuwar, Matsala 20 μm ganiya-zuwa-ƙolo.

Muhimmancin Injiniya:

• Ƙuyawa: Yana Nuna ƙananan mitoci, manyan girgizar ƙasa, damuwa da giɓi da lalacewa.

• Gudu: Alamar tsananin girgizar da aka karɓa ta duniya, tana nuna ƙarfin girgiza.

• Hanzarta: Yana Nuna girgiza da girgiza mai-girma, damuwa da gajiya da nauyin tasiri.

Babi na 9: Ƙa'idodin Biyayya da Tsarin Takaddun Shaida

9.1 Yarda da Matsayin Duniya

Kayayyakin Vibro-Meter sun cika ka'idodin ƙasashen duniya da yawa:

9.1.1 Matsayin Sensor Vibration

• TS EN ISO 5348 Jagora don hawan firikwensin girgiza

• TS EN ISO 10816 Gabaɗaya jagororin don kimanta girgiza injin

• API 670: Tsarukan Kariya na Injin (na masana'antar mai da sinadarai).

9.1.2 Ka'idodin Tsaron Wutar Lantarki

• TS EN 61010-1 Abubuwan aminci don kayan lantarki don aunawa, sarrafawa da amfani da dakin gwaje-gwaje

• TS EN 50014 Na'urar lantarki don abubuwan fashewar yanayi - Gabaɗaya buƙatun

• TS EN 50020 Na'urar lantarki don yuwuwar fashewar yanayi - Tsaro na ciki 'i'

9.2 Bayanin Tsarukan Takaddun Shaida

9.2.1 Takaddar ATEX (Turai)

• Umarni: 94/9/EC (Uwararrun Kayan Aiki), 1999/92/EC (Umarkin Wurin Aiki).

• Ƙungiyoyin Sanarwa: LCIE (Faransa), KEMA (Netherland).

• Takaddun shaida Misali: LCIE 02 ATEX 6110 X (na CA 134/136/160/201).

9.2.2 Takaddar IECEx (Na Duniya)

• Dangane da ka'idodin IEC 60079.

• Ƙimar juna ta duniya, rage takaddun shaida.

9.2.3 Takaddar CCSAus (Arewacin Amurka)

• Haɗa buƙatun CSA (Kanada) da UL (Amurka).

• Takaddun shaida Misali: 1636188 (na CA 134).

• Ma'auni masu dacewa: CSA C22.2 Lamba 157, UL 913, UL 61010C-1.

9.2.4 Sauran Takaddun Shaida na Yanki

• INMETRO (Brazil).

• NEPSI (shaidar tabbatar da fashewar China).

• TIIS (Japan).

• KOSHA (Koriya).

9.3 Fassarar Ma'aunin Takaddun Shaida

Amfani da takaddun shaida LCIE 02 ATEX 6110 X azaman misali:

Ma'aunin Na'ura:

• Samfura: CA 134/CA 136/CA 160/CA 201.

• Nau'in Kariya: Tsaro na Cikin Gida 'ia'.

• Rukunin Gas: IIC (mafi girman matakin).

• Yanayin Zazzabi: T6 zuwa T1 (CA 134), T6 zuwa T2 (wasu).

Ma'aunin Lantarki (Sensor kawai):

• Ci: Ƙarfin ciki (0.3 nF don CA 134, 8 nF don CA 136).

• Li: Inductance na ciki (0, gafala).

Ƙayyadaddun Na'urori masu alaƙa:

• Ku ≤28V.

• Io ≤ 100 mA (kayayyakin layi) ko 25 mA (samar da ba ta layi ba).

• ≤ 0.7 W.

Babi na 10: Hanyoyin Fasaha da Jigon Gaba

10.1 Juyin Halitta na Fasahar Ji na Piezoelectric

10.1.1 Ci gaba a Kimiyyar Material

• Sabbin yumbura na Piezoelectric: Haɓaka mafi girma, kewayon zafin jiki mai faɗi.

• Kayayyakin Kayan Wuta na Crystal Piezoelectric guda ɗaya: Ingantaccen layi da kwanciyar hankali.

• Kayayyakin Haɗe-haɗe: Na'urorin firikwensin piezoelectric masu sassauƙa don hawan saman mai lanƙwasa.

10.1.2 Haɗin kai tare da Fasahar MEMS

• MEMS Accelerometers: Ƙananan farashi, ƙaramin girma.

• Tsarin Tsarin Haɓaka: Haɗa piezoelectric da MEMS don daidaitaccen aiki da farashi.

• Haɗin axis Multi-axis: Accelerometers-axis accelerometers a cikin fakiti ɗaya.

10.2 Hanyoyi zuwa Hankali da Sadarwa

10.2.1 Fasalolin Smart Sensors

• Ƙididdigar Gina: Gwajin kai, daidaitawa, tsinkayar kuskure.

• Fitowar Dijital: Mu'amalar dijital kai tsaye (IEPE, bas ɗin dijital).

• Ma'ajiyar Siga: Lambar serial, bayanan daidaitawa, sigogin sanyi da aka adana a cikin firikwensin.

10.2.2 Haɗin kai tare da IoT na Masana'antu

• Watsawa mara waya: Cibiyoyin firikwensin firikwensin batir mai ƙarfi.

• Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwal ) .

• Haɗin Platform Cloud: Bayanan girgizawa da aka ɗora zuwa gajimare don babban binciken bayanai da koyan inji.

10.3 Juyin Halittar Dabarun Kulawa

10.3.1 Daga Rigakafi zuwa Hasashen Kulawa

• Kulawa-Tsarin Yanayi (CBM): Tsara tsarawa bisa ainihin yanayin.

• Kulawa da Hasashen (PdM): Dangane da nazarin yanayin yanayi da hasashen gazawa.

• Kulawa da Ƙwarewa (PM): Gano alamun gazawar farko.

10.3.2 Aikace-aikacen Fasahar Twin Dijital

• Model Virtual: Ƙirƙirar tagwayen dijital na kayan aiki.

• Haɗin kai na lokaci-lokaci: Bayanan firikwensin yana sabunta ƙirar dijital a cikin ainihin lokaci.

• Kwaikwayo da Hasashe: Yin kwaikwayon kuskure da hasashen rayuwa akan ƙirar dijital.

10.4 Dorewa da Tunanin Muhalli

10.4.1 Tsara Tsawon Rayuwa

• Extended Calibration Intervals: Ƙarin tsayayyen ƙirar firikwensin.

• Gyarawa: Zane na zamani don sauƙin gyarawa da haɓakawa.

• Zaɓin Abu: Abokan muhalli, kayan da za'a iya sake yin amfani da su.

10.4.2 Amfanin Makamashi

• Ƙirƙirar Ƙarfin Ƙarfi: Ƙarfafa rayuwar baturi don na'urori masu auna sigina mara waya.

• Girbin Makamashi: Girbi makamashi daga yanayin girgiza don ikon kai.

10.4.3 Daidaituwa zuwa Matsanancin Muhalli

• Zurfafa Aikace-aikace na Subsea: Matsakaicin matsi mafi girma.

• Aikace-aikacen sarari: Radiation-hardened, matsananci-high mai jituwa.

• Aikace-aikacen Geothermal: Maɗaukakin yanayin zafi, mahalli masu lalata.

Ƙarshe: Gina Dogaran Tsarin Kula da Jijjiga Masana'antu

Tsarukan hawan wutar lantarki na Vibro-Meter suna wakiltar babban madaidaicin bayani a fagen lura da girgizar masana'antu. Ta hanyar zurfin fahimtar ka'idodin fasaha na su, zaɓin samfuri daidai, bin daidaitattun shigarwa da hanyoyin kiyayewa, da haɗa su tare da sarrafa siginar da ya dace da kuma nazarin bayanai, za a iya gina ingantaccen tsarin kula da lafiyar kayan aiki.

An taƙaita mahimman abubuwa don nasarar aiwatar da aikin lura da girgiza kamar haka:

1. Tsari Tsari: Fara daga maƙasudin aunawa, cikakken la'akari da muhalli, fasaha, aminci, da abubuwan tattalin arziki.

2. Zaɓin Daidai: Zaɓi nau'in firikwensin da ya dace dangane da zafin jiki, mita, yanayin muhalli, da buƙatun takaddun shaida.

3. Daidaitaccen Shigarwa: Tsayayyen bin buƙatun jagora don shirye-shiryen saman, hawa, da tuƙin kebul.

4. Ƙaƙƙarfan Takaddun Takaddun Shaida: Tabbatar da cikakken yarda da tsarin takaddun shaida a cikin yanayi mai yuwuwar fashewa.

5. Ci gaba da Kulawa: Kafa bincike na yau da kullun, daidaitawa, da hanyoyin sabunta takaddun.

6. Binciken Bayanai: Canza daren bayanan girgiza zuwa abubuwan da za a iya aiwatarwa game da lafiyar kayan aiki.

7. Horon Ma'aikata: Tabbatar da masu aiki da ma'aikatan kulawa sun mallaki ingantaccen ilimin fasaha da aminci.

Tare da haɓaka masana'antu 4.0 da masana'anta masu kaifin baki, fasahar sa ido kan rawar jiki tana tasowa daga keɓantaccen tsarin kariya zuwa haɗe-haɗen nodes na hankali. Ƙwararrun masana'antun kamar Vibro-Meter, ta hanyar ci gaba da haɓaka fasahar fasaha, suna jagorantar wannan filin zuwa mafi girma amintacce, mafi girman hankali, da kuma aiki mai fadi, samar da tushe mai tushe don aminci, inganci, da dorewa na kayan aikin masana'antu a duk duniya.

Wannan labarin, bisa tsarin bincike na tsarin fasaha na Vibro-Meter, yana da nufin samar da cikakkiyar bayanin fasaha ga injiniyoyi da masu fasaha. A aikace-aikace masu amfani, koyaushe koma zuwa sabon sigar littafin, takaddun bayanai, da bulletin fasaha, kuma tuntuɓi goyan bayan fasaha na masana'anta don tabbatar da haɓakawa da amincin ƙirar tsarin, shigarwa, da aiki.

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Littafin Magana:  Vibro-Meter CAxxx/CExxx Piezoelectric Accelerometer Umarnin Jagora